The spread of English and the rise of new Englishes Essay

The spread of English and the ascent of new Englishes - Essay Example While on the investigation of English, thoughtfulness on how English appeared can be explained here. The accompanying figure illuminates the different societies and groups that added to the improvement of English as we see today. The historical backdrop of English is isolated into three periods since its reality path back somewhere in the range of 1000 BCE. In spite of the fact that it is hard to build up the right year, specialists have collectively reasoned that the three periods are alluded to as Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), Middle English, and Modern English. The diagram above shows that the most punctual period is set apart with the relocation of certain Germanic clans from the mainland to Britain in the fifth century A.D., however no records of their language get by from before the seventh century, and proceeded till the finish of the eleventh century or somewhat later. Prior to the furthest limit of the eleventh century, Britain was additionally being impacted by Latin. Old Norse (the language of the Viking intruders), and Anglo-Norman French of the predominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066, substantially affected the vocabulary, and the very much created inflectional framework that encapsul ated that the sentence structure of Old English had started to separate (Merriam-Webster, 2007)2. We have see 2.0 Executive Summary We have seen that English is currently a famous language spoken by locals of practically all countries around the world. However, does English really meet all requirements to be the worldwide language A feature in 'Globe and Mail' distributed in Toronto in 1997 read, English is the worldwide language. In spite of the fact that very little of ado, title texts of comparative nature have showed up in a great many papers and magazines over the globe as of late. 'English Rules', a feature with a distinction, grandstands the prominence and quality of English in a universe of uncanny all inclusiveness of the language's spread and continuation. So what is saying that a language is a worldwide language Or for what reason is English the language, generally refered to in this association If English became the worldwide language, will it stay inescapable These and more inquiries lead analysts to scrutinize the hypothesis, regardless of whether; English is in truth the primary language of the world If English is one's first language, one may have blended sentiments about the manner in which English is spreading far and wide. From one viewpoint, there is cause for pride, that English language has gotten effective, yet on the other, there could be alarm that a similar language that was inalienable as English, is being impacted by others, who obtain words from dialects other than English to suit themselves (David Crystal, 2003, English as a Global Language)3. A great deal of nations have their own local language or 'native language', as it is prominently alluded to as. If so, which is valid, how does English fit the bill to be proclaimed the authority worldwide language There are two prospects; one, English

Has racism ceased to be a major problem in the world Essay

Has prejudice stopped to be a significant issue on the planet - Essay Example Is considerably all the more stressing that it isn't confined to the politically-sanctioned racial segregation advancing mainlands and countries alone. It has made its omnipresent path into the very texture of practically all landmasses. Bigotry is a mind boggling marvel and can't be wished away. Separation based on shading, race or religion involves the enslavement or abuse of a segment of individuals inside a network. To have the option to dispense with this social disease one needs to comprehend the reasons that offer ascent to unfair conduct of which prejudice is a significant appearance. Prejudicial conduct can emerge out of sentiments of uncertainty, dread, disdain and an intense want to rule. Individuals who bolster bigotry towards others ordinarily work in packs or gatherings and focus on the individuals who are more vulnerable than them. Government and the ascent of expansionism from the fifteenth century onwards have offered belief to racial predominance and prejudicial pra ctices dependent on this apparent prevalence. This prompted the total distance of the individuals who have been colonized. The pervasiveness of prejudice was knowledgeable about Africa, Asia and America from the start, and afterward spread through imperialism to the remainder of the world. Prejudice is showed through practices that support dissent, disdain among gatherings and racial or strict narrow mindedness. Racists can't acknowledge or potentially endure the eliteness and uniqueness of ethnic or social gatherings other than theirs.

Asking for a Letter of Recommendation the Right Way

Asking for a Letter of Recommendation the Right Way Is the competition so high that you’re worried whether you’ll get the job or not? Are you wishing that you had someone on the inside to vouch for you as the best candidate?Don’t worry, you’re not alone. Many candidates experience the same as they go through the job hunting process.The good thing is that there is always a way out of any situation.For the job you are applying for, there is something you can do to increase your chances of getting hired.What can you do?Get a letter of recommendation.As simple as that sounds, it can be what is needed to get you moving forward.A letter of recommendation can be the small weight needed to tip the scales in your favor.LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION VS REFERENCESLetters of recommendation are currently not as common as they used to be.Different reasons can be given about their supposed demise but the important thing is the role they serve.Did they get replaced by something else?Not really.The biggest reason for their unpopularity is that recr uiters and hiring managers generally didn’t see the need for these letters.As the name suggests, a letter of recommendation is a letter whose contents recommend you for a particular position. It says that you are a good candidate for something.That may be a job position, a college admission or even scholarship.It is written by someone who has interacted with you for long enough to know you. They have watched you or worked with you and can testify to certain strengths which you have. They thus mention these strengths to show your suitability for the job.References on the other hand are a list of people who can be contacted for questions about you.This list is usually a part of your CV or resume.The hiring manager will contact these people and ask them questions which will help determine your suitability.Of the two, hiring managers would prefer references because they will be the ones in control of the conversation. They will be the ones asking the questions.A letter of recommendati on will not give them this opportunity.Instead, it just goes ahead to highlight all your strengths.WHAT LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION DOThe fact that a letter of recommendation works like a one-way street of communication is what really gives it power.More than that, there is also a lot of weight in the content, especially if it’s written by the right person. Although the letter worked well enough for the interviewers initially, it actually served the candidates better.This purpose still stands and is what makes it a worthy tool to consider using.Though your application can still include references, the extra letter will certainly add value. It will have an impact on the mind of those going through your application.Here are three things that a letter of recommendation does for you.Reinforces Your ResumeA letter of recommendation is a serious backing of the truth in your resume. Everything you have said in your resume gets an outsider’s approval mark.It’s one thing to say the right things and answer all the questions as expected. But when someone else, neither family nor friend says good things about you, it’s different.When someone writes a letter of recommendation for you, they are testifying to what you can do. They are saying that they have witnessed you working diligently. They have seen your natural team player or team leader abilities.So when the recruiter sees these things written in the letter and they appear on your resume, they know it is true. As they call your list of references, you already have a good standing in their minds.Sub-consciously, they already expect to hear nothing but similar comments.That means you have been pre-qualified in their minds.Boosts Your ConfidenceA letter of recommendation is a big confidence booster. It is like someone giving you a big compliment when you need it most.Let’s face it. Once you apply for a job, anxiety kicks in.When you get the call for an interview, the anxiety can increase. With every stage in the process, you get closer to the goal. At the same time, you get more concerned about your chances of success.What a letter of recommendation does is to reduce this anxiety. It reminds you of what someone else thinks of your abilities. It reminds you that someone else knows and testifies to your suitability for the job.More importantly, after receiving the requested letter of recommendation, just reading it can give you lots of confidence.When you see what someone else has to say about you, you get motivated to go ahead and prove that as part of your application.And when you know that this is what the interviewer has read, you know that you have achieved some favor in their eyes.Shows Your PersonalityLetters of recommendation have a personal touch to them.This is because the people writing them have spent time with you. There are shared moments, victories and successes.These are what the person writing the letter will be expressing. Take the example of a former supervisor or manager of the department you worked in at your former job. This is someone who enjoyed seeing the results you contributed to.Was happy with your level of sacrifice and accuracy of reports.They loved your communication style and mannerisms.This is obviously assuming that these are the characteristics you portrayed. And also assuming that you left the company while in good terms with him.When such a person writes a letter recommending your suitability, it’s going to communicate these things perfectly. The letter will tell your prospective employer the real value you brought to the team.Hiring managers can pick your personality from such a letter. And this can go a long way in showing them how much of a fit you are for their company.When later asked about your personality later, it will be more of confirming what they have already read.HOW TO ASK FOR A LETTER OF RECOMMENDATIONAt this point, there are many questions which will naturally cross your mind.Who will write a good letter for me? What will they say? Will they be willing to do it?Depending on your relationships and even your personality, you may have more questions. But it all comes down to how to go about asking for the letter.Who will you ask?This letter serves as a testimony of your suitability. As such, it is not just anyone who will be willing to write it for you.You should therefore be ready to have the request turned down.It’s important that you don’t take such a response personally.There might be various reasons for the reluctance. Maybe someone is just not comfortable putting his name on the line. Maybe he has been requested to do it for several other people.Maybe he has written letters for others then they did something wrong.For this reason, it is wise to come up with a list of people to communicate your request to. From the list, you can be sure that not all of them will say no.But at least, if some of them do, there will be others who will do it . Don’t rely only on one person.It is best to ask for a letter of recommendation from people who are in some way, above you.This might be in age, in position at work, social status etc.The more prominent the person is in the eyes of the hiring manager, the better the chances of their testimony being embraced.These people can be anyone from doctors, former bosses, a professor in college, business associates, customers, the list is endless.While making this list, keep the following in mind:1. They should know you and your work.The person must have some evidence for what they will write. You cannot have positive comments from, say, a neighbor who only knows you because you live next door.This person must have interacted with you, hopefully, at a personal level. They must know what working with you is like. What communicating with you is like.How reliable you are. Whether you finish what you start.These are the things which matter in a practical relationship of any kind.2. They should be people who like you.This is quite obvious and should not be ignored in an attempt to get a letter from the most notable person.That most notable person may not have had a particular liking for you. That can be dangerous.Just because you worked in his organization and he promoted you doesn’t automatically mean he liked you.Check what kind of relationship you had with him.If all you did was get instructions and give reports, that is probably not the best person to write a letter for you.3. Consider their position.The position of the person writing the letter can have an impact on your letter’s admission.For example, you may be applying for a job as a logistics officer. A letter from a logistics manager will have more weight than one from a finance director.The former will be able to state relevant facts which your potential new logistics manager will relate with. This will make it easy for the company you are interviewing for to consider the letter’s contents.4. Call them up .It’s interesting how the uptake of technology has blurred formalities in communication.It is not rare for recruiters to come across resumes containing slang and abbreviations.The language used in chatting finds its way into formal communication.In other cases, the casual nature of workplace relations makes some approach serious matters casually. Requesting for a letter of recommendation should not be done via text.This is an indication of the little value you put on the work the person will put in.Even if you are close friends, it is important that you call that person up. This is even before you send them an email.A phone conversation will work better in explaining your need and provide an opportunity for questions.Then you can follow up the request with an email.Appreciate Them Before Making Your RequestYou have to consider that writing a letter of recommendation is not a small thing. As mentioned, the person will be putting their name on the line for you.As such, don’t just go straight into asking for the letter. Let the person know why you chose him.Tell the person that you appreciate the relationship you have enjoyed with him. Tell him that you are asking him for the letter since you value his opinion.Let him know that you have considered him vital for your career growth.Note that this is not flattery. And do not flatter. If what you intend to say is not true, don’t make the request to that person. You don’t have the relationship to back it.As humans, we love being appreciated.And when you appreciate the person before he writes you the letter, he feels the value you put on him. If he grants your request, he will do it knowing that his opinion has a lot of value to you.Tell Them What to HighlightWriting a letter of recommendation is not an easy task. The person may not know what exactly you want them to write. This can be confusing and turn a desire to help you into a burden.To avoid this, you need to help them by pointing out what to talk about i n the letter.This will also make sense because you want the letter to be relevant to the job you are applying for.You don’t want a letter showing your prowess in sports going to a recruiter for a job in software programming.If it’s a while since you communicated, it will be good to update them on your life.Have you taken new courses? Have you gone through other jobs? Whatever information is necessary, share it with them.More importantly, remind them of any projects you undertook under their leadership. Or in partnership with them.Mention the success and allow them to remember the mutual joy of working with you. These are the things you want in that letter.Promise to email them a list of the things you would like them to highlight and do so. Check the description of the job you are applying for.From it, pick the important factors and let them inform the list of what is to be highlighted.Give Them TimePeople are busy and the last thing they might prioritize is someone else’s pro blems. With all the challenges of life, you shouldn’t rush anyone to sort you out.Giving some time to the people who have agreed to write you a letter of recommendation is a necessity. Otherwise you might be labeled pushy.You might get someone angry and make them change their mind about what they had gladly decided to do.Alternatively, they may still do it but not as well as they would have done. You want the best words on that letter so facilitate it.As much as possible, make your request as early as 2 months prior to your need for it. Since jobs are advertized daily, you might consider this as a tactic for the long-term.This will however only work if the job you are applying for has a long deadline. When that is not the case, this will not work.You can however try to request the letter and explain the urgency. If the person is willing, he can prioritize it.For the sake of saving time, you can ask for the letter and use it for future job applications.This means having the letters at hand and using them for jobs where they are relevant.All you need to do is make your request to specific people and have them right specific things. It will then be a matter of picking the right letter for the right job.Send a ReminderAfter calling up the person and sending them an email with details of what to write, don’t just sit and wait.You might wake up on the last day only to realize the person has traveled and is unavailable.Be proactive.Set reminders on your calendar and send a reminder email to him. You can do this 2 weeks after the initial communication. That will be a perfect duration to have waited.In case you don’t get the letter within 2 other weeks, you can send him a follow-up email. In these emails, be careful not to jump straight into the reason for writing.Cultivate your friendship further and ask to also know how they are fairing.Depending on what they give as the reason for the delayed writing, you can choose to call them up next time. Or even visit the m in their office.Thank ThemThe importance of practicing gratitude can never be over-emphasized.Just as you appreciated him before making the request, do the same thing after getting what you wanted. And remember to be honest in your appreciation. Since you will have read the letter they wrote, mention how well they have communicated your strengths.Mention something specific about the letter and thank them for their time and effort.Thanking them can take various forms. The more physical the better.If you can buy a card, that would be great. Nothing will remind him of his kindness better than this.In case this isn’t very viable, you can easily do an email. But just as you had to call them up at the beginning, make sure you also make a “Thanks You ”call.Example Email of How to Ask for a Letter of RecommendationWith the above tips to follow, it will be best to show you how to put it into practice.Below is an example you can use. You can also use it as a template to make things ea sier for you.Dear [Title and Name e.g. Prof. Higgins],I trust that you are doing great.Following our conversation two days ago, here is the email I promised to send you. Receive once again my appreciation for agreeing to write a letter of recommendation for me.Since graduating three years ago, I have worked at [Company Name] starting as an assistant sales manager. I currently hold the manager’s position thanks to the concerted effort the team puts in. I can’t help but remember how you urged me to become the class representative during my course. That definitely helped instill leadership skills in me.As for the job I’m applying for, these same skills are needed. But more than that, specific requirements are mentioned in the job advertisement. These are what I request that you touch on as you base your comments on my performance while in campus.Ability to lead a group to achieve a common goalCreativity in developing solutionsCommunication skillsProblem-solving skillsCritical thi nking skillsThe position I am eyeing is higher than my current one and requires reporting directly to the CEO. As such, communication and critical thinking skills are important. I think the person hired may be involved in developing policies for both the department and the company.Considering your busy schedule, I would not want to rush you into this. I would obviously appreciate a response as early as possible though won’t have a problem checking with you in around two weeks.Once again, I am grateful for the honor of receiving a letter of recommendation from you. I pray that your days ahead will be full of joy and satisfaction as you instill wisdom into your students.Kind Regards,[Your Name].CONCLUSIONA letter of recommendation can provide an unexpected boost to your chances of getting hired.And since they aren’t utilized so much nowadays, it means there won’t be many candidates presenting them. You might even be the only one.So go ahead and get one or several for your job ap plication. Keep copies for possible future use and see yourself trample the competition.

The Baseball Of The Nfl - 1342 Words

American Football was voted the most popular sport in America by 20% over baseball(ESPN Harris Poll). The NFL today has tv ratings off the charts, breaking records every Super Bowl(Coming Soon.com). But what started out as an American staple, actually was a mix of different sports. The first â€Å"football† game was actually just an altered soccer game between Rutgers and Princeton, but no one would realize the revolution it would bring to America. It then evolved with the help of rugby. Twenty years later the NFL was born and football went from a simple college game to a professional sport. The NFL today began as a simple concept which blossomed into an American tradition. The National Football league was founded on August, 20, 1920 by a†¦show more content†¦Lombardi revolutionized the game with his leadership, and maybe the most famous play drawn up in NFL history, the â€Å"Packers Sweep†. The NFL was growing to be something huge in America then, a new league came along. The American Football League began in 1959, looking to become a rival league to the NFL(Pro Football HOF). The American Football League or AFL, was founded in 1959 by Lamar Hunt, a sportsman(Pro Football HOF). He looked to create a rival league to the already emerged NFL after failed to gain ownership of an NFL franchise. The NFL first looked at the AFL as if the would be a yet just a pest on their arm, and a waste of time. Although, the AFL lived past the expectancy the NFL gave them and they had a bit of growth in their league with new teams and relocations. But, the NFL and AFL got into a big disagreement over college players entering the draft. The NFL thought they d haul them in like nothing until surprisingly the AFL Kansas City Chiefs signed Heisman Trophy winning running back, Mike Garrett. This turned out to be huge for the AFL because Garrett would end up helping the Chiefs reach the AFL championship, and a Super Bowl berth. With the surprising rise of the AFL, the NFL ended up shockingly asking for a merger agreement to become 1 league. This

Essay about Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America

Democracy in America has been a guiding principle since the foundation of the country. Many over the years have commented on the structure and formation of democracy but more importantly the implementation and daily function within the democratic parameters that have been set. Alexis de Tocqueville was a French political thinker and historian born July 29, 1805. He is most famously known for his work Democracy in America. Democracy in America has been an evolving social and economic reform, and has continually changed since it’s founding. America’s form of representative democracy came as a result of the transgressions Britain committed against their colonies. Several hundred years of salutary neglect served well for those living an†¦show more content†¦As a result Tocqueville was astonished at the working of democratic processes yet, was still skeptical of the possibilities the free market economy could lead to. Nations differ in language, faith, culture, trad itions and views. Thus, each government created distinctly different and formulated to best govern its constituents. This causes nations to function in a variety of ways as well as have varying public opinion. The differences represented in America at the time Tocqueville visited and wrote his book were what shaped his opinion of the differences between the United States and other countries. The first major difference Tocqueville observed upon arriving in America is the role faith played amongst the inhabitants especially Christianity. Tocqueville writes in Democracy in America, â€Å"here is no country in the whole world in which the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America, and there can be no greater proof of its utility† (de Tocqueville). The principle of faith taught those in America morals and beliefs in which guided their actions for hard work and prosperity. These principles led to an ultimate betterment for the community and nation as a whole or ‘utility’. Utilitarianism is the greatest good for the most people. Thus, this utilitarian aspect of America is what brought the country together under the revolution, the formation of the constitution and the continual construction ofShow MoreRelatedDemocracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Consideration of Democracy, Blacks, and Slavery Tocqueville, in Democracy in America, dwells on the strengths and weaknesses of American democracy. When discussing race relations, he recognizes that the presence of the black race in America and the occupation of blacks in slavery could threaten the continuation of the United States as a Union and a republic. 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For instance, Tocqueville in his â€Å"Democracy in America† foresees the future confrontation of Russia and United States. The reason for that is two different perception of life – for Americans the motive is a freedom, for Russians - service. Another significantRead MoreCritical Analysis of Alex de Tocquevilles Democracy in America1366 Words   |  6 PagesCosby Analysis of Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America Alexis de Tocqueville’s visit to the United States in 1831 prompted his work Democracy in America. This was supposed to be a chance for him to take a look at the American prison system. However, it was obvious from his writing that he looked at every aspect of American culture. In Democracy in America, he takes a look at how democracy works and the pitfalls that could bring about the downfall of democracy. 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By the age of 16, his academic career was a brilliant one, his schoolwork earning him a special prize and two first prizes. He was an avid reader, reading books hardly accessible to a boy of his young age. It was during these years that he developed his criticalRead MorePolitical Freedom: Arendt and de Tocqueville Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Freedom: Arendt and de Tocqueville Freedom in America emanates from the state of political freedom held by the citizens. Both Hannah Arendt and Alexis de Tocqueville provide criticism of the apparent shape freedom maintains in America as well as insight regarding how they perceive true political freedom. By using the observations and criticisms of de Tocqueville and the vision of Arendt, the position of modern America and its relation to the ideals

The Zen of Listening Free Essays

Douglas, Susan. (2004). The Zen of Listening, in Listening in  : Radio and the American Imagination (22-39). We will write a custom essay sample on The Zen of Listening or any similar topic only for you Order Now Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press. Abstract Radio is examined here as a shaper of generational identities, as a uniting force for the creation of’ †imagined communities† or nations, and as a nostalgic device with associational links in our past. In addition, it is portrayed as a powerful aural gadget that stimulates us cognitively not only through our imagination; our creation of images or ideas based on listening, but also through music, which engages us emotionally. Further discussed is a comprehensive history of radio in America and its contrasting relationship with newspapers and literacy, and television and its visual component. This contrast, and the existence of the radio and the ways we listen have important temporally bound characteristics that are important in understanding times, the medium itself and our relationship with it as it becomes engrained or interwoven into our everyday lives. The text examines the social implications and reasons for being of radio and refers to various scholars who have examined the form and its effects of this revolutionary device which unites listeners through simultaneity of listening and the physical responses listening engenders. Through the physiological, social, cultural, and technological spheres of this medium, it is obvious that it is much more complex than commonly believed, and the text brings to light the ramifications of its introduction into a literary, visual culture, creating a hybrid America  : a conservative, literate society entwined with a traditional, preliterate. ral culture. Word Count  : 230 Keywords  : nostalgia, radio, imagined community, modes of listening, music, ritual Response †With radio, the interior †I† began oscillating with the voices of those never met, never even seen (31). † The permeating qualities of the †voices of radio† in the minds of listeners is an iss ue, in my opinion, that clearly implicates radio as a persuasion tool, which is an element of the medium that appears to be neglected in the text. This neglect to fully examine the implications of the medium and the various elements that are quintessential to the formation of a complete and comprehensive understanding of the workings and complexities of radio presents a rudimentary portrait of the form which should definately be corrected. I argue that Susan Douglas presents an incomplete account of the rise of radio in her idealization of the medium and that, like the listener who is †inclined to remember [radio] at its best†, she fails to examine the intention of radio messages and focuses more on the experience of listening to the radio (Douglas, 2004, p. 5). Firstly, with a basis on the above sentence, she idealizes the form and effects of radio by overlooking or barely touching on the idea of the commercial hand that plays a rather large role in the medium, and affects the intentions and motives of the speakers and the content they disclose. Furthermore, the pervasiveness of these voices is cause for concern fo r listeners as they are prey to subtle influence from these †familiar voices† who infiltrate themselves into the very thoughts of individuals. Susan Douglas’ article addresses many ideas that revolve around radio, but does not seem to pay much attention to the commercialization of the medium despite her mentionning that †by the 1930’s, with the highly commercialized network system in place, a great majority of these voices—which sought to sound familiar, intimate, and even folksy—represented a centralized consumer-culture (Douglas, 2004, p. 31). ‘ Beyond the idealized concept of the †imagined community† and the positive unity it creates among the listeners, the commercial hand in the medium of radio implies a certain intention in the scale of the medium; one that seeks numbers. Douglas does mention that in an effort to maximize profits, the network and advertisers aimed for the largest possible audience, promoting the medium of radio as a †nation-building technology (Douglas, 2004, p. 24). ‘ This emphasis, however, on the maximization of profits casts doubt on the integrity and the intention of radio. The oscillating voices of †those never met, never even seen† which interact with the inner voice of the listener are tainted by an underlying struggle between social consolidation and betterment, and commercialism. This leads to the need to examine content and intention in radio, and to the need for a critical assessment of this revolutionary device. Secondly, these voices which penetrated our minds, spoken by unknown radio personalities, did more than allow us to free our imagination. In effect, these voices which now interacted with the inner voice of the individual could become subtle influences of our ideas, and beliefs without our even knowing. This danger, which I greatly believe is applicable in this mass medium, especially when taking into consideration the novelty of the device in the 1930’s, could leave listeners unguarded against potential manipulation or influence. The idea that the voices of the radio speakers have a certain familiar or intimate quality illustrates this desire to identify with the listener, which leaves that latter to fend for himself in the identification of the veracity of messages, and in the intention of the speaker who is trained to please an audience. The various personalities that would speak to the nation through radio—the †politically powerful and the rich, [†¦ ministers, educators, [†¦] comedians, singers and actors†Ã¢â‚¬â€could have various intentions in their speeches; they could seek to sway auditors to favor certain ideologies, to act in certain ways, or could misdirect or misinform listeners (Douglas, 2004, p31). Furthermore, the ability for radio to adjust to various circumstances of listening makes it even more alarming as it becomes the background music of our daily lives, making these voices that much more likely to become a part of our interior dialogue (Douglas, 2004). In conclusion, as mass media of various sorts—newspapers, television and radio—become national, and all-encompassing, the need for critical analysis of every aspect of each medium becomes necessary to understand the limitations of each, and their intentions. Since there are many underlying motives to every medium, especially commercial or political ones, and since mass media have developed into such huge social entities with powerful nfluence, it is important to think by ourselves, without the implication of unknown others in our reasoning; to question why we believe certain things, and how we came to so as to remain individuals in the mass, and to be able to ward off unwanted influences which may find their way into our subconscious. Word Count  : 782 How to cite The Zen of Listening, Essay examples

Interface Design project for the Museum Guided Exhibition

Question: Task You are to prepare the project scope and initial requirements and assumptions for a new Interface Design project for the Museum Guided Exhibition as outlined in the Museum Guided Exhibition problem case study. You are to prepare a Project Brief for this project. The project brief will set the basis for the rest of your assignment work in ITC504. You should approach this project as a "blue sky" project. That is, you are going to design and develop an interface that is different to those that you have previously worked on. Your project brief should include the following sections: 1. Overview 2. Vision 3. Scope 4. Outcomes 5. Key assumptions 6. Objectives, Outputs and Targets 7. Success Criteria Answer: 1. Overview The state museum wants to build a multimedia based infrastructure to provide information about their items and exhibitions to the visitors. The management wants to implement a new way of delivering this service to the visitors. Instead of information kiosks set up during exhibitions, the management wants to provide tablets with pre-loaded information about the information of items, way outs through exhibitions information about the arrangement of exhibition, location of food stalls, toilets etc. They also wants to provide Multilanguage support to the visitors and platform for visitors of all ages. As a part of their project, they have hired some professional to design tablet interfaces for them. This project is focused on designing tablet interfaces for the state museum. 2. Vision The vision of this project is to provide some unique and personalized interface to users for accessing information about an exhibition. The user experience to the visitors will be highly personalized. It will eliminate the requirement of manual or kiosk based guidance through an exhibition. Visitors can enjoy exhibitions on their own. 3. Scope The scope of this project is limited to the designs of tablet interfaces only based on the functionalities and requirements suggested by the state museum management. There is no scope of suggesting any new functionality but there is full scope to design some innovative and unique tablet interface design. 4. Outcomes The outcomes of the project will be a set of tablet interface design. The tablet designs should meet usability criteria and constraints of interface designing. The designs will also meet the following aspects, The designs should be easy to use. There should be enough supports and instructions for non-technical users. There should be support for old people so that they can access the information easily from the tablet interface. 5. Key Assumptions The project is only focused on design aspects of the tablet interface. There will be no consideration of the technical details and coding for the interfaces and the functionalities. The targeted users will be from different socio-cultural background. Also there will be people from all ages and from various languages. The designs will be done by considering the above mentioned user groups only. There will be audio-visual support, multi-language support etc. The cost for providing tablets to every visitor is not a consideration of this project. 6. Objectives, outputs, targets The objectives of the project is to design highly usable tablet interfaces for the targeted visitors of the state museum. The outputs from the project will be these interface designs. The targets are meeting the requirements of the visitors and supporting all required functionalities stated by the state museum management. 7. Success Criteria The success criteria are not clear in this stage of the project. However, the success criteria identified so far are, Meeting requirements of the visitors Meeting requirements of the functionalities described by the state museum authority. Providing support for multiple language selection. Easily accessible and usable interface designs. A detailed and effective project plan development. Effective project management. References Galitz. (2009). The Essential Guide To User Interface Design. John Wiley Sons. Kloppenborg, T. (2014). Contemporary Project Management. Cengage Learning. Tidwell, J. (2010). Designing Interfaces. O'Reilly Media, Inc. Young, T. L. (2013). Successful Project Management. Kogan Page Publishers.

Music Literature I Baroque Flashcard

Music Literature I Baroque

Workplace Sexual Harassment

Workplace Sexual Harassment Free Online Research Papers Review of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Sexual harassment is defined as the threatening or offensive behavior of a person who regularly makes sexual comments or touches someone in a sexual way. (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010) With this being said, it is critical to a company’s reputation and success that it is handled swiftly and without bias to either the person accused of the harassment or the victim. Sexual harassment can be classified into a couple of categories. One category is called quid pro quo, when translated into English from Latin, it means something for something. (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010) If you will do something for me, I will do something rewarding for you. Usually this type of harassment comes from someone that has power over you, such as a manager or supervisor. It is illegal, whether the victim submits to it or resists it. Another classification is hostile environment sexual harassment. This can happen when a person is subjected to offensive language, sexually suggestive pictures, explicit graffiti, or even unwanted gestures. The list can go on and on. Anyone can be responsible for this type of harassment, co-workers, supervisors, or even customers. A single incident is usually not considered harassment unless it was really appalling. Whichever way you choose to define it, sexual harassment will not and cannot be accepted in the workplace. Frank is notorious around the office for flirting with his female coworkers. In Frank’s conversation with Mary in the break room, it is unmistakably clear that he sought after Mary to go out with him in order to approve her expense report. He also implies that she did something sexual to land the account, and now he wanted her to do the same favors for him. This case is a perfect example of quid pro quo. This situation is a clear violation of Mary’s civil rights. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 states: â€Å"It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.† (United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, EEOC, 2010) There are a number of things that employers can do to limit or even negate their liability. They must first establish a strict policy on sexual harassment. They must make sure that they educate their employees about the types of harassment and how to go about reporting an incident. They must also make sure the policy is visible, and let all employees know that all claims will be taken seriously and investigated to the fullest extent. The employer also needs to make understood that any violation of this policy will have harsh consequences. Once an employee makes a claim, the employer must make sure they investigate the claim quickly, and make sure they talk to everyone involved in the incident. Depending on the outcome, immediate action should be taken, and the employees involved should be notified promptly. Refusal of a company to establish and adhere to a sexual harassment policy could be detrimental. When a supervisor or manager abuses their authority, the company’s image is hurt. Their employee’s trust is lost. The company could lose customers and profits if a case is lost in court. In 2009, the EEOC received 12,696 reports of sexual harassment. Out of those, 11,948 were resolved either by settlements, successful/unsuccessful conciliation, withdrawals with benefits, administrative closures, or reasonable cause. Just the monies paid to employees totaled $51.5 million dollars. (EEOC, 2010) That does not include any court costs or attorney’s fees. I think the best course of action for settling this case between Frank and Mary is to terminate Frank. Frank has abused his authority. He is a volatile liability, and his negative attributes outweigh his positive elements. Swift and harsh action is needed to keep the trust of the employees, to establish the discipline policy, and as well as to reiterate the zero tolerance standard on sexual harassment. Mary needs to be assured that she is safe from retaliation, and she did the right thing by bringing it to the attention of the Human Resources department. This course of action will also limit the liability of the company should Mary choose to further this investigation. The courts now have adopted a doctrine called respondeat superior. This is Latin for let the master answer. (The Free Online Dictionary, 2010) This means that an employer will be held liable for whatever actions their employees take, whether the employer knew about them or not. Sexual harassment is a touchy subject. An employer has to be proactive and affirmative in order to maintain order and hopefully prevent this type of harassment from happening in the workplace. Employers should give additional training to their supervisors and managers to ensure that they achieve a comprehensive knowledge of sexual harassment, and what the ramifications are if they choose to ignore the policies set in place. If everyone works together, follows the written policies, and keeps a pleasant atmosphere in the office, maybe one day sexual harassment will be eradicated. Research Papers on Workplace Sexual HarassmentMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Marketing Mix and Market Segmentation Research Paper

Marketing Mix and Market Segmentation - Research Paper Example They will be priced at $3.00 for the 250-gram burger. The company will establish restaurants in different locations where the burgers can be marketed. Customers will also have the opportunity to order the burgers from online platforms, both television and billboards will be used as the main marketing strategies integrated closely with digital marketing. Environmental factors such as social, economic, competitive, regulatory, and technological factors will affect the strategies developed in the marketing of the beef burgers. Evidently, there are ethical issues associated with the sale of beef burgers such as the need for companies to consider self-regulation in food advertisements as well as the promotion of quality and healthy foods. The business will also need to exhibit social responsibility by participating in the campaign against obesity (KoÃ… ¡Ãƒ ºtovà ¡ & Jarossovà ¡, 2014). If the business succeeds in the local market, there are opportunities for expanding into foreign markets after a critical market analysis. After considering the facts in this report, it is recommended that the beef burger business is a viable product that will register increased profitability in the future. The 4Ps represent one of the commonest and regularly used marketing mix approaches. The 4Ps approach was developed in 1960 and has been in use over the years. The 4Ps denote the product, price, promotion, and the place. Product: The beef burgers that will be sold will promote healthy eating and will have a diverse nutritional composition with the brand name H-beef burgers. The burgers will comprise of 100% pure ground beef that will be seasoned using pepper and salt. Other varieties will have cheese, onions, and other types of seasonings. The beef burger will provide energy, protein, carbohydrates, sugar, fat, dietary fiber, and sodium (Mckeown & Werner, 2010). The smallest size of  the burger will be 250 grams, which will represent a single serving.  

Dissent About Nuclear Safety Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dissent About Nuclear Safety - Case Study Example In order to have a clear conscience, she should speak her mind. The engineering codes require that safety and welfare of public be placed supreme above all else. The seniority of Brad over Alison pushes her to a weaker standing point. Alison is required to be careful here and be diplomatic in the way she presents her conflicting opinion. She should stick to her ethics and quote the NSPE code if she feels it is correct and necessary to do so. Most importantly, Alison should not be coerced to act in unison with other board members. Given that there has been a strong culture of unanimity, this paves way for the possibility that Alison may feel the need to act and think like the group, which is clearly wrong. This junior staff may find it necessary to abstain from voting if she feels that she should not cast a negative vote all alone. In case subsequent calculations indicate that a single heat exchanger would be adequate, that would not be erroneous for Alison to have cast a negative vote rejecting the other member’s decision. She is not doing so to stop the report from going on to NRC, but to ensure that the committee is doing what is required of them and that it works in the appropriate manner in while making decisions. Therefore, she has an obligation, even though different from the views of other members of the committee. Also, the committee has an obligation too to make sure that the opinions of others are always taken into consideration. Alison may be required to approach this issue from different angles. The first instance is requesting for a delay by stating that public safety is undoubtedly at risk and that the effects of a malfunction will be comparatively extensive. The tribulations and harms to the public will be instant, and the detriment to the public will be within 20 miles. The second instance is that she should

American Sign Language As A Language Education Essay

American Sign Language As A Language Education Essay In this chapter, a review of the literature that serves as a foundation for this study is presented. The literature review addresses the theoretical basis of considering American Sign Language as a language, issues in the administration of modern/foreign language programs that parallel the concerns of sign language program administrators, national language program standards, the history of the teaching and administration of post-secondary sign language programs including information on the academic acceptance of sign language in higher education. Concluding this chapter will be a discussion on the state of the literature. American Sign Language as a Language The discussion of ASL and its membership as a language did not occur before William Stokoe, of Gallaudet University in Washington D.C., breached the topic in 1955. Many educators believed sign language was a system of pantomime or broken English. This belief was also held by the deaf individuals themselves (Miller, 2008). Stokoe believed that ASL was indeed a naturally occurring and distinct language ustilized by deaf people and could be studied as a language (Stokoe, 1960 ). Stokoes research spanned from 1955 to 1965 and covered signing as a linguistic system and signs as a part of the system. The first American Sign Language Dictionary was published in 1965 at the conclusion of the first part of Stokoes research. The focus part of Stokeoes continued research focused on the syntax of the language and its importance to teaching English to deaf children. Dr Stokoe asserts he was in constant contact with the Center for Applied Linguistics, the Georgetown University School of Language a nd Linguistics, and the Washington Linguistics Club, laying the foundation and belief that parts of sign language grammar paralleled parts of the languages they were studying (Stokoe, 1990). Stokoe believed signs could be taken apart and analyzed into parts allowing researchers and linguists to study how the language works, how they evolved, and how they could be taught. The work of William Stokoe was not widely accepted among all professionals. Since the 1970s many have argued against the language classification for ASL and especially that of foreign language (Stokoe, 1960; Wilcox, 1990). ASL was studied and analyzed without further evidence that it was a full blown language. Questions have been raised regarding ASLs legitimacy as a foreign language. The following are a set of questions that are common among critics of ASL. (a) Isnt ASL indigenous to the United States and therefore not foreign? (b) Isnt ASL a derivative of English which would disqualify it as a separate language? (c) Is ASL naturally occurring and evolving? (d) If ASL is not written, how can it have a culture? (e) Is there a body of literature to support ASL and its culture? All of these questions have been asked over the decades and have been the major road blocks to ASL being recognized as a language. William Stokoe effectively answered these questions over several years which have been supported by several other scholars in linguistics and culture. In response to the questions regarding whether or not ASL is a language, Stokoe explains in detail with books and dictionaries the morphology, phonology, syntax, as well as semantics and pragmatics and how it differs from that of English or other spoken languages (Stokoe, 1960). Wilcox Peyton (1999) state, ASL is a fully developed language, one of hundreds of naturally occurring sign languages in the world. Conover (1997) states that one is not likely to find much opposition to ASL as a language form linguists, however the most resistance comes from colleges and universities who do not believe ASL should be taught as a foreign language (Miller, 2008). There is a great deal of research, according to Wilcox Peyton (1999), which demonstrates that ASL grammar is radically different from English grammar; it contains structures and process es which English lacks (Wilcox, 1999; Vigoda, 1993). When comparing American Sign Language to other accepted foreign languages one must take in to account that Navajo and several other Native American languages are widely accepted as foreign languages, being even more indigenous to America than ASL. A language need not be foreign to be considered a foreign language (Wilcox, S. Wilcox, P., 1991). In response to the literature question, researchers have found a vast body of literature among deaf people (Cooper et al, 2008; Armstrong, 1988). The literature is not in a written traditional form but, like Native American languages, through story telling passed from generation to generation. With modern technology these very old stories can now be viewed on the internet and on DVDs. The widespread use of storytelling in deaf culture has become more and more available to the general population. ASL continues to be a topic of research at numerous universities and has evolved to be the lead topic in language acquisition, eurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropology, cognitive studies, teaching methods, and assessment of sign language skills (Jacobowitz, 2005; Miller, 2008). Empirical research on language in the human brain has provided support for Stokoes initial findings. Studies focused on neural processing of signed language found the same areas of the brain are used to process spoken language (Hickok et al., 2001). The New York Times in 1992 argues ASL is a language because it uses the same elements of spoken language and is organized like any other spoken language (Hickok et al., 2001; Stokoe, 2005). Two linguists from the Salk Institute, Klima and Bellugi (1979) began studying sign language in the 1960s, they wondered whether ASL was an language as other linguists understand that concept. The findings of Klima and Bellugi (1979) supported the linguistic components of ASL, which they called a complexly structured language with a highly articulated grammar, a language that exhibits many of the fundamental properties linguists have posited for all languages (p. 4). Definitions of ASL continued in 1980 with Baker and Cokely indicating ASL is a visual-gestural language created by deaf people (p. 47). They defined the language as a system of relatively arbitrary symbols and grammatical signals that change across time and that members of a community share and use for several purposes: to interact with each other, to communicate their ideas, emotions, intentions, and to transmit their culture from generation to generation (p. 31). Issues of Administration Administrators of LOTE programs often face issues that are not unique to their program. Instructors of American Sign Language often rely on the philosophies, policies, theories, and strategies used in other programs that teach LOTE. Concerns faced by ASL administrators often face similar concerns of LOTE Administrators. A study conducted by the MLA in 1989 showed that language requirements varied depending on the type of language program, and type of institution. More than half of the institutions surveyed (58.5% public, 41.5% private) viewed language study as essential to a well-rounded education (Cooper, 1997, p.29; Huber, 1989). Additionally the MLA study indicated that 87% of the institutions housed all languages within one divisional unit. Of those institutions the languages were housed with other non-language courses and in departments outside of the language emphasis such as philosophy and Humanities. Essentially, the study finds that administrative decisions regarding language instruction was made by departments and administrators with no experience in LOTE. Huber (1989) suggests foreign language instruction may take a secondary role to English when both are offered in the same department. Over half (56%) that offered a degree in English did not offer a degree in LOTE, and those that offered a MA in English only offered a BA in some of the other languages. Huber (1989) also suggests that language programs may be housed in non-language departments because of resource restraints or low student interest. A study of 1000 foreign language department chairs done by Cardenas (1988) indicated over seventy percent (73.7%) of the respondents found one of the most frustrating pieces of administration of the language departments was the lack of momentum with their own research and teaching. Much of the frustration was motivating unproductive faculty (60.2%), faculty evaluations (54.3%), managing the budget (51.7%), and recruiting part-time faculty (48.3%). National Language Program Standards The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) states as part of their philosophy that Language and communication are at the heart of the human experience (ACTFL).   The organization goes on to say they envision a future in which ALL students will develop and maintain proficiency in English and at least one other language, modern or classical (ACTFL). In essence these statements open the door for all forms of communication that meet the standards of language learning. The Standards for Foreign Language Learning; Preparing for the 21st Century has been a mainstay for guidance of foreign language instruction. These standards, according to the ACTFL, are called the 5 Cs (Communicate, Culture, Connect, Compare, and Community). According to Lear and Abbott (2008) To comply with these standards, the successful student will use language to communicate for real purposes, understand multicultural and global issues, connect with other disciplines and acquire new knowledge, make comparisons with their own language and culture, and participate in multilingual communities(Lear Abbott, 2008, p. 77) (Table 1). A language program should attempt as much of the 5 Cs as possible, however little discussion is found to what extent each must be accomplished (Lear Abbott, 2008). It is widely accepted that goal 5 is difficult to accomplish in a closed classroom setting. In a position paper by the ACTFL in 2011 ASL was recognized as a LOTE when it stated, Communication for a classical language refers to an emphasis on reading ability and for American Sign Language (ASL) to signed communicative ability (ACTFL Position Statements, 2011). The publication of Standards became known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢genericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- version of standards in that it addressed issues and delineated standards common to all second-language learning yet contained examples in many languages (Phillips, J. Abbott, M. 2011, p.1). From 2005 to 2010, the American Sign Language Teachers Association (ASLTA) and the National Consortium of Interpreter Education Centers (NCIEC) collaborated on Table 1. A complete listing of ACTFLs Standards for Foreign Language Learning. Communication Communicate in Language Other Than English Standard 1.1: Students engage in conversations, provide and obtain information, express feelings and emotions, and exchange opinions. Standard 1.2: Students understand and interpret written and spoken language on a variety of topics. Standard 1.3: Students present information, concepts, and ideas to an audience of listeners or readers on a variety of topics. Cultures Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Cultures Standard 2.1: Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the practices and perspectives of the culture studied. Standard 2.2: Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the products and perspectives of the culture studied. Connections Connect with Other Disciplines and Acquire Information Standard 3.1: Students reinforce and further their knowledge of other disciplines through the foreign language. Standard 3.2: Students acquire information and recognize the distinctive viewpoints that are only available through the foreign language and its cultures. Comparisons Develop Insight in the Nature of Language and Culture Standard 4.1: Students demonstrate understanding of the nature of language through comparisons of the language studied and their own. Standard 4.2: Students demonstrate understanding of the concept of culture through comparisons of the cultures studied and their own. Communities Participate in Multilingual Communities at Home and Around the World Standard 5.1: Students use the language both within and beyond the school setting. Standard 5.2: Students show evidence of becoming life-long learners by using the language for personal enjoyment and enrichment. the development of standards for ASL instruction as a guide to teachers and administrators of sign language programs. These standards utilized the ACTFLs Standards for Foreign Language Learning framework. The standards use the same 5 Cs of language instruction and are printed as part of the 2012 ACTFL Standards for Foreign Language Learning (Phillips, J. Abbott, M. 2011). Originally the standards were written with nine languages being considered: Chinese, Classical Languages, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish the Standards have expanded to include languages other than the original nine. Standards for learning Arabic are now in the printed version; they have also been developed for Hindi, Swahili, Korean and American Sign Language (Phillips, J. Abbott, M. 2011). History of Academic Acceptance of Sign Language Sign Language appeared as a language for the first time beginning in the mid-1960s when Stoke, Casterline, and Croneberg published the Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. This event gave linguistic recognition to ASL for the first time in its history, although very few people recognized the event as significant (Wilcox, S. Wilcox, P, 1991). Depaul University has been recognized as the first university in the United States to offer sign language classes in 1965 (Shroyer Holmes, 1980). The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) built a Communication Skills Program in 1967 in an attempt to spur language acquisition in schools, universities and programs who serve deaf people by offering sign language classes (Newel, 1995a). During the same period of time several sign systems were invented to assist in teaching deaf children English. The most popular systems used were Seeing Essential English (SEE I), Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE), and Signing Exact English (SEE II) (Cooper, 1997). The purpose of these sign systems was to simplify the process of teaching English to deaf children; however, over time they became recognized as sign systems and were taught as varying sign language classed in colleges and universities (Cooper 1997). Other events in the 1960s and 1970s contributed to the increased availability of sign language classes in schools and higher education. Research and publications by Stoke (1966 1990), Klimba and Bellugi (1979), Wilbur (1979, 1987), and Cokely and Baker (1980) added support for the general acceptance of ASL as a language (Cooper, 1997). Legislation also played an important role for sign language in the schools as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and PL94-142 of 1975 expanded the requirement to provide Sign Language Interpreters in the classroom as a service for deaf students. The caused an increased need for skilled hearing individuals to learn sign language so that interpreters may be available in the schools when required. Interpreter training programs gained federal funding in an effort to relieve the pressure for skilled interpreters (Newell, 1995b). Implications for Future Research Additional and ongoing research regarding individual views regarding sign language is needed including tracking the growth of programs nationally would be beneficial. Future research in development of ASL programs regionally is essential particularly as it partners with LOTE programs. Current data on institutions that recognize ASL as a LOTE and houses it with other languages is important. Particular interest regarding institutions that discontinue their programs and the reasons behind it would be valued. This study did not address certifications of teachers currently working as ASL instructors however data regarding the fact is needed to assess future needs in training instructors in the language. The correlation of signing and non-signing administrators was not examined. Neither was the ethnicity or gender discussed although this would be interesting to research for further influence among minorities and genders. Evaluation of the State of the Literature Regarding current research the surveys administered should be shorter in length to increase the participation rate of responders. Additional information regarding majors, minors, and other university requirements would be helpful including where the sign language program is housed. For example, knowing if the program is a stand-alone program, part of another language department, or listed for credit as an elective would assist institutions in making decisions on language administration. The research to this point in history has focused mainly on which schools accept ASL for credit and the overarching reasons why some may not accept it. Not a lot of research has been done to discuss the programs reasons for acceptance or the process of approval if they were able to secure approval. This research attempts to answer the question many researchers failed to answer, which is a more detailed understanding of personal views of ASL by administrators of languages other than English. Past research has been able to list categories of rejection or acceptance and attempted to list which institutions have been able to recognize sign language for credit on par with other languages at the institutions. The question left unanswered are at what level does ASL receive the most support or resistance in the process of gaining recognition as a language at the institutions. This is important for future organizations who seek approval at various colleges and universities. Additionally, the overall acceptance of sign language in various countries would also be valued to find the international point of view of sign language as it is compared to the United States.

Aestheticism: Philosophy of Beauty Essay

Aestheticism is presently defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as â€Å"intended to designate a scientific doctrine or account of beauty, in nature and art, and for the enjoyment and originating beauty which exists in man†. In other words, aestheticism is a philosophy of beauty. An Aesthete has a great appreciation for nature. One may look at an object, place, or person and perceive it a different way than another person may perceive it. For an Aesthete to obtain pleasure, â€Å"it is the perspectives of perception that is necessary to an understanding of both appreciation and creation†. Aestheticism is a very deep and meaningful philosophy whose meaning has been changed and interpreted by many historical figures such as Alexander Baumgarten, Immanuel Kant, and Oscar Wilde. The philosophical discipline of aesthetics did not receive its name until 1735, when the twenty-one year old Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten introduced it in his Halle master’s thesis to mean episteme aisthetike, or the science of what is sensed and imagined. Initially, the focus of aestheticism was not so much on art as it was on the experience of, and judgments about, beauty in all its forms. Aesthetics is necessarily interdisciplinary and may be interpretive, prescriptive, descriptive, or a combination of these. The younger Baumgarten started at the university at sixteen (in 1730), and studied theology, philology, poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy, especially Leibniz, whose philosophy was not banned. He began teaching there himself in 1735, upon the acceptance of his thesis on poetry, and published his Metaphysics in 1739. In 1740, the same year as he published his Ethics, he was called to a professorship — or more precisely, ordered to accept it — at another Prussian university, in Frankfurt an der Oder. The first volume of his Aesthetica appeared in 1750. It was written in Latin, like Baumgarten’s other works, and was the first work ever to use the name of the new discipline as a title. The next year, however, Baumgarten’s health began to decline and a second volume of the Aestheticacame out only in 1758, under pressure from the publisher. Baumgarten’s Meditations on Poetry conclude with his famous introduction of the term â€Å"aesthetics†: â€Å"The Greek philosophers and the Church fathers have always carefully distinguished between the aistheta and the noeta,†that is, between objects of sense and objects of thought, and while the latter, that is, â€Å"what can be cognized through the higher faculty† of mind, are â€Å"the object of logic, the aistheta are the subject of the episteme aisthetike or AESTHETICS,† the science of perception. However, in the 18th century, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant defined aestheticism as both â€Å"the analysis of taste† and â€Å"the analysis of sensible cognition or intuition†. Immanuel Kant was a Prussian philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that human concepts and categories structure our view of the world and its laws, and that reason is the source of morality. One part Kant’s philosophy of aestheticism was the â€Å"Deduction of Taste†, which instilled that everything interesting and fundamental happened in the formation of concepts, or in the receiving of intuitions. But now Kant argues that judgment itself, as a faculty, has an fundamental principle that governs it. This principle asserts the purposiveness of all phenomena with respect to our judgment. In other words, it assumes in advance that everything we experience can be tackled by our powers of judgment. Normally, we don’t even notice that this assumption is being made, we just apply concepts, and be done with it. But in the case of the beautiful, we do notice. This is because the beautiful draws particular attention to its purposiveness; but also because the beautiful has no concept of a purpose available, so that we cannot just apply a concept and be done with it. Instead, the beautiful forces us to grope for concepts that we can never find. And yet, nevertheless, the beautiful is not an alien and disturbing experience – on the contrary, it is pleasurable. The principle of purposiveness is satisfied, but in a new and unique way. For Kant, the other basic type of aesthetic experience is the sublime. The sublime names experiences like violent storms or huge buildings which seem to overwhelm us; that is, we feel we ‘cannot get our head around them’. This is either mainly ‘mathematical’ – if our ability to intuit is overwhelmed by size (the huge building) – or ‘dynamical’ – if our ability to will or resist is overwhelmed by force (e. g. the storm). The problem for Kant here is that this experience seems to directly contradict the principle of the purposiveness of nature for our judgment. And yet, Kant notes, one would expect the feeling of being overwhelmed to also be accompanied by a feeling of fear or at least discomfort, whereas, the sublime can be a pleasurable experience. In contrast, Oscar Wilde prefaced his novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, with a reflection on art, the artist, and the utility of both. After careful scrutiny, he concludes: â€Å"All art is quite useless† (Wilde 4). In this one sentence, Wilde encapsulates the complete principles of the Aesthetic Movement popular in Victorian England. That is to say, real art takes no part in molding the social or moral identities of society, nor should it. Art should be beautiful and pleasure its observer, but to imply further-reaching influence would be a mistake. The explosion of aesthetic philosophy in fin-de-siecle English society, as exemplified by Oscar Wilde, was not confined to merely art, however. Rather, the proponents of this philosophy extended it to life itself. Here, aestheticism advocated whatever behavior was likely to maximize the beauty and happiness in one’s life, in the tradition of hedonism. To the aesthete, the ideal life mimics art; it is beautiful, but quite useless beyond its beauty, concerned only with the individual living it. Aesthetics found that through their great interest in beauty, pleasure that is derived from objects of art is more beautiful than other pleasures. Overall, many philosophers have interpreted the principle of aestheticism in their own ways. Without aestheticism, the deep understanding we now have of the connection of our lives with all forms of art would not be possible. Therefore, after centuries of conceptual making, aestheticism remains as a very complex subject which any poetic heart would be delighted to learn for the benefit of further understanding the purpose for the existence of art. Art through music, paintings, dance, and performance are all unique, but alike in one way: they are products of an artist’s ability, and desire, to create beauty. Works Cited Burnham, Douglas. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics. n. d. 9 February 2014 . Duggan, Patrick. The Conflict Between Aestheticism and Morality in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Darian Gray. n. d. 9 February 2014 . Guyer, Paul. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: 18th Century German Aesthetics. 16 January 2007. 9 February 2014 . Rohlf, Michael. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant. 20 May 2010. 9 February 2014 .

Different Types Of Abuse Essay

Indicators of abuse. Factors that may lead to abuse. Physical: To cause physical pain and injury to another person, making them physically suffer from harm. Signs for physical abuse would be quite easy to spot as you can look for marks on people such as bruising, bite marks, burn marks or even fractures. Another indicator could be that the marks on their body are repetitive say for example they have bruising on their body and then a couple of weeks later they have more bruises on their body, this could be an indicator for physical abuse. Behavioural indicators could be that they cannot remember how the injuries occurred and makes up an excuse. They could also flinch if someone approached them unexpectedly. Poor memory and concentration levels could be a behavioural sign. Factors that could lead to physical abuse being an issue could be from care givers that have inability to cope with stress on adults and their behaviours, they could themselves suffer with depression which is a common thing amongst care givers and then they could take their depr ession and anger out on adults who are vulnerable, lack of support from other care workers could lead to physical abuse. Lack of staff training could be the factor that leads to physical abuse. Sexual: any sort of non-consensual contact, touching vulnerable people in not appropriate areas and without their consent. Possible indicators for sexual abuse could be loss of sleep. Also bruising or soreness around the genitals, there could be indicators of torn, stained or blood in the underwear and there could be possible signs of sexually transmitted diseases in some cases. Even pregnancy could be an indicator to sexual abuse. Behavioural indicators could be flinching or not wanting to do personal care. There could be extreme changes in behaviour, bed wetting or frequent bathing to try and remove stains or to try and make themselves feel cleaner. Another indicator could be refusal to disrobe clothes for bedtime or showers whilst in front of people they would normally trust and who they are familiar with. Risk factors that could lead to sexual abuse could be things such as alcohol or drug use as the person g iving the abuse would not know what they are doing as the drugs and alcohol in their body would be controlling them in a way which could lead to sexual abuse. Coercive sexual fantasies of a staff member or even friend or family in some cases, which  could lead to the abuse. Impulsive and antisocial tendencies, preference for impersonal sex, there could be a childhood history of sexual and physical abuse and then they may want to push that onto someone else or could have been witnessed family violence as a child and may think it is acceptable to do certain things. Emotional: Any act including confinement, isolation, humiliation, intimidation or treatment when diminishes a sense of somebody’s identity and dignity. Possible indicators of emotional abuse could be bedwetting or diarrhoea, frequent headaches, nausea, abdominal pains. Behavioural indicators would be something like mental or emotional development lags, poor relationships with people. Runaway attempts, complains of social isolation or severe depression that could be suicidal. Factors that could lead to emotional abuse from someone who has a low self-esteem themselves and w ould like to emotionally beat someone down to make themselves feel better, or the person giving the abuse could have suffered from emotional abuse in their childhood and feel that they got treated a certain way so they want to pass this on to someone else. Factors could also lead to a group of staff members for example and they are all emotionally abusing a service user which they could find amusing but it is actually classed as abuse. Neglect: a passive form of abuse which is leaving the victim who maybe is unable to care for himself or herself but cannot provide care for themselves. You could see neglect by having poor physical conditions, bed sores. The carers normally don’t take care of the service user. Inadequate food supply or water that is not available. Skin rashes related to the bedding being unchanged and urine soaked in the bed. Inadequate living conditions, no toilet or commode. Behavioural indicators could be fear or withdrawal, depression, implausible stories, anger, denial and anxiety. Reasons someone could suffer from neglect could be things such as ignorance or denial that an adult needs as much care as they do. The abuse can be intentional or unintentional. The person in charge of care could have mental health problems or problems from their home life and take this into work and not be interested in caring for adult and therefore neglecting them and their needs. Exploitation/financial: Telling someone what they can and cannot buy or making them share control of their bank account and the person does not have control over their money. Signs of financial abuse could be if a person who had a disability is accompanied by  family or a staff member who appear to pressure the individual to make a transaction. People accompanying an individual to speak for him or her and not allow the individual to speak for themselves. An indicator could be a sudden increase in checking overdrafts or unusually large cash withdrawals or to transfer to other accounts from a joint bank account. Someone else could sign or forge an individual’s signature. Another indicator could be not allowing an individual to discuss legal or financial issues or matters with others. Indicator could be a staff member or family member taking money from the individual without telling them and leaving them with nothing and leading them on saying they have more money than they rea lly do, or taking control of their money and managing their money and tell them what they can and cannot spend money on. Unexplained inability to pay for bills such as shopping bills or house bills could be a sign of abuse. Staff members may not record when service users receive their money so they could take advantage of their money without consent of the service user. By not keeping records of what the service users money goes on it is easy to lose track and the amount of money been spent. A staff member could be short of money with their personal issues and use a service user’s money without anyone knowing and because stuff is not being recorded it can be hard to spot money being taken. Self-harm: there is self-harm, deliberate self-harm, self-injury and self-poisoning which are mostly done without suicidal intentions but just a relief maybe for some. Self-harm is causing deliberate harm to your own body like cutting or burning your skin, pulling your own hair out. Self-harm behaviour includes acts that can cause short and also long term damage for example under eating or binge drinking and drug abuse. Any of these signs could be from self-harm, unexplained cuts, bruises or cigarette burns usu ally are around the wrists, thighs and arms. Signs of depression such as low mood, crying a lot and no motivation. Signs of low self-esteem such as them blaming themselves for any problems and thinking that they are not good enough for something. Signs of misuse of drugs or alcohol and been pulling their hair out. Factors that could lead someone to self-harm could be down to family problems at home, relationship problems, if they are not doing well in education and then start to doubt themselves feeling like they are not good enough and feel like self-harm is the only release. Being bullied could be a factor for self-harm. Also drug or alcohol abuse. Another factor  is that you could be coming to terms with your sexuality and be unhappy to maybe tell people what your sexuality is. Coping with cultural expectations such as arranged marriage could lead to self-harming. Institutional: maltreatment of a person from someone who has power over the victim. Institutional abuse is about who abuses and how that abuse comes to pass. An indicator could be no flexibility in bed time routine or people left o n a commode or a toilet for a long period of time for no reason. Inappropriate care of living area or possessions. Lack of personal clothes or belonging. Deprived environmental conditions and lack of stimulation. Service user could be removed from the home without discussion with other staff members because the staff cannot deal with the service user’s behaviours. Another indicator could be spoken to and treated with disrespect. Lack of individual programmes that would monitor their daily life and behaviours. Factors that could lead to institutional abuse could be down to the environment and the surrounding as it could be the environment out of a home setting and what they are used to, it can determine the potential for maltreatment. Maltreatment mostly happens when the adult may be in a crisis and the caregiver has not got the skills and developed alternative and appropriate response to the service user. Discriminatory: when someone picks on you and treats you differently and unfairly just because something is different about you whether it is your race, sexuality, religion or appearance. Indicators could be that the person being abused is withdrawn and isolates themselves away from other people, fearfulness and anxiety, loss of self-esteem, being refuse to be able to access services and excluded to other people, resistance or refusal to access services that are required to meet the needs. Types of abuse for discrimination would include things such a sex, race, colour, language, culture, religion, politics and sexual orientation. Factors that could lead to discriminatory abuse could be that the care giver does not agree with someone’s religion or sexuality for example, if a service user were gay there caregiver could exclude them from everything and not provide the correct care for them because they do not agree with same sex relationships which would be classes as discriminat ory abuse. The risk factor is greater when the service user or vulnerable adult has a difficulty to communicate with others, always rejecting help from staff member, often has an unusual and offensive behaviour or aggressive  because of these issues staff members may not be able to cope and may no0t have the patients or correct training to resolve these issues which can then lead to abuse. Domestic: The abuse of a partner with an intimate or family member, the abuse is repeated and random. The abuse can be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual. May show the signs of bruises, burns, human bite marks, and fractures round the eyes, nose, teeth and jaw, injuries during pregnancy such as miscarriage or premature birth. Stress related illnesses such as headaches, backaches, chronic pain, family problems, depression, alcohol or drug addictions, absenteeism like lateness or leaving early, changes in job performance. Overly dressed like wearing turtle necks and long sleeves in the summer to cover up any physical marks, jumpy and lack of personal grooming or low self-esteem. Factors that can lead to domestic abuse may be alcohol or drug related so that the drugs and alcohol inside their bodies are controlling them and they may not realise what they are really doing. The abuser could have an unknown mental health or personality problem. They could also suffer from bipolar and have random outbursts of aggressiveness. A history of violence or abuse that includes domestic abuse from previous relationship problems. Poor family relationships where violence is a normal thing and not really a big issue, financial problems because of low income or debt problems could all be factors of domestic abuse. Bullying: Has an advantage of strength or to intimidate someone and typically force someone to do something. Indicators for bullying could be that the person seems unhappy or depressed, not wanting to talk to people much and distancing themselves away from other people. Not socialising with other people. They could cry a lot but may not want to talk about it to anyone or make up an excuse. Factors that could lead to bullying could be for example a leader or person in charge could feel because they have more power that they can intimidate people into doing things and pressure people. If the victims are vulnerable and an easy target to staff member that are bullying them. Groups of staff members thinking it is amusing to bullying service users, which they could find amusing but actually be bullying, intentionally or unintentional. I chose Simone from Winterbourne view for my case study. She was one of man6y residents what suffered multiple abuses from Winterbourne view which was  exposed by Panorama. Her family want her close to her, but she is currently hundreds of miles away from her family. Simone’s parents’ notice that she was a little bit behind other children at nursery and then eventually found out it was because she suffered from a learning disability. Simone suffered from chronic headaches which became very distressing and then her behaviour began to chance and was much more challenging and harder to deal with. She then went to hospital to have it investigated. Simone suffered from physical and emotional abuse. Wayne the carer would physically abuse Simone by putting her hand under a chair and bending her arm which would cause bruising. She had water thrown over her face and left outside to freeze, this would affect her emotionally as it would make her sad and want to isolate herself f rom any of the staff members as she probably felt she couldn’t go to anyone for advice or tell someone about what is happening to her and the abuse she was receiving because the staff members were all in on it as well. As Wayne were the leader all the other members of staff may have been intimidated In some sort of way by him which lead them to copy and imitate what he did to service users like Simone. From the physical abuse by her bruising and marks on her skin, her parents didn’t realise as they only really spoke to her over the phone to check up on her and to see if she was okay, so they were unaware of the abuse that what going on. She was suffering from emotional abuse as well because she has already experienced some form of abuse when she was in a unit before and then had to be removed from that unit into a second unit where she still received abuse from. This would affect her health by her maybe not wanting to live and not to get involved with other people because she feels she cannot trust anyone around her. Long term effects by being pinned to the ground all the time and then it could have made her body or bones be in a certain position which could lead to joint damage or scars on her body. She could also flinch when people approach her even the people she trusts. Simone could be distressed behaviour in the long term by Simone being trapped in uncomfortable position. Although she had negative long term effects for life there are also positive such as being moved to another unit, even though she is hundreds of miles away from her family, they know and believe that she is now in a safe place, free from abuse and enjoying herself. Another long term effect could lead to depression and then she would isolate herself in any  activities and interaction with other people even those close to her. https://www.mencap.org.uk/get-involved/campaigns/take-action/out-sight/simones-story

I Remember Playing The Game - 840 Words

Connect 4 I remember playing the game Connect Four as a child. The object of this fairly simple game was to connect 4 chips of the same color in a row. Connect Four was a fun game that required some form of strategy if you as a player wanted to be successful. As I strive to become a teacher I am learning that there is a whole new game of Connect Four to be played. Unlike the board game this version carries much more importance and strategy. The new came is finding a way to connect Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. These subjects cannot be taught as individual subjects but taught as an integrated unit. In doing so all four subjects will be used in unison to solve real world challenges. Learning how to connect these†¦show more content†¦(The list is endless) Technology- computers and smartphones, but it goes back to television, radio, microscopes, telegraph, telescopes, the compass, and even the wheel. Engineering- building designs, roads, bridges, transportation, global warming, and environmental-friendly machines. Mathematics- We use it every single day. We use at the grocery store, the bank, on tax forms, in dealing with investments and the family budget. The article is so good you can find it here As previously admitted I’ve rarely given any thought to STEM. It’s subject matter that I’m not entirely sure I’ve ever been exposed too. The lack of student exposure to STEM is a major part of the problem. There is a dire need for students to have the critical thinking and problem solving skills that STEM provides. STEM is a major component of the future of our students, but many aren’t that interested. In a study from the U.S. Department of Education says that, â€Å"only 16 percent of high school students are interested in a STEM career† (Hom, E). Our nation’s future is dependent on the skills that our students will possess. These students must learn how to build the skills of each individual discipline of STEM and combine that knowledge to effectively problem solve. This will take some creativity from both teachers and students. Simply